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I came out here Ito and a lot further

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hey babe

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I am

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welcome to this edition of NASA images

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this is Lynn Bondurant during this show

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were focusing on historic NASA

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documentary footage showing some of the

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discoveries about the solar system and

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stars made by unmanned probes in 1979

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and later our first film clip is from

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1979 and shows some of the results of

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the Voyager spacecraft encounters with

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Jupiter and the Pioneer spacecraft flyby

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of Saturn Jupiter largest of the sun's

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nine planets was photographed close-up

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by the voyagers 1 & 2 spacecraft what

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their camera eyes recorded as they

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passed by the giant planets churning

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clouds were ribbon like streaks of red

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and brown and yellow the wealth of data

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and photographs left behind by the

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voyagers are providing scientists a

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valuable source of raw material to be

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studied from Jupiter's newly discovered

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ring to the active volcanoes of IO one

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of its 14 surrounding moans the voyager

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discoveries have surprised and delighted

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nasa scientists information that may one

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day help us better understand our own

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earth and the voyagers mission did not

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end at Jupiter the two spacecraft are

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now speeding toward a rendezvous with

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Saturn in 1980 and 1981 acting as

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Pathfinder for the voyagers Pioneer 11

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the 570 pound spacecraft climaxed

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six-and-a-half years and a two billion

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mile voyage in deep space as it swept by

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Saturn at 70 1,200 miles per hour

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scientists watched anxiously as pioneer

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made its - our passage of Saturn's rings

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four times the spacecraft was hit by

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small pieces of debris but emerged

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safely despite the collisions pioneer

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had a closer look at Saturn that all the

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observations that have been made in the

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last 400 years photographs show what

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appeared to be jet streams swirling

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around Saturn at 300 miles an hour a new

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ring circling the planets equator

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and radiation belts that are more like

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Earth's in their intensity and energy

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levels the Pioneer 11 spacecraft dwarfed

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by the objects it was sent to observe is

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speeding out of the solar system in an

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endless journey just before Voyager 1

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was to fly by Saturn nASA released this

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we have looked beyond our atmosphere

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many times but never have we seen what

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we were about to see two Voyager

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spacecraft are now approaching the

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planet Saturn ring spectacle of gas and

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ice and the second largest of our

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planets there are special cameras aboard

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the voyagers though which will

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revolutionize our knowledge about Saturn

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it's curious rings and it's 10 minutes

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launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977 the

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voyagers completed their tour of Jupiter

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in 1979 when they returned 33,000

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pictures to earth

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because of photography uncovered some

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remarkable findings

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there's rumors like Saturn and 116

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settle of experience has volcanic

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the Voyager encounters with Saturn will

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sharpen our impressions of the outer

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reaches of our solar system it's cold

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out there

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nearly a billion miles from the Sun and

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yet one of Saturn's moons the giant

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Titan may have an atmosphere that could

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support organic life an exploratory

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spacecraft pioneer 11 journey past

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Saturday year ago with less

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sophisticated cameras pioneers

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successfully passing through the

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dangerous ranges and discovered a fifth

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one which the voyagers should verify

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well we can expect very good quality

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photographs of Saturn one of the things

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that made the the Jupiter pictures so

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interesting with the surprises that were

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that were seen in these in these

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pictures now we know even less about the

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about the Saturn system and so we might

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expect more surprises than we had even

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interpreting these computer-generated

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pictures show what larger one will see

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traveling toward its closest encounter

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on November 12th it should reveal some

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exciting discoveries about Saturn which

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have been beyond our grasp on that date

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Voyager 1 will dip near the clouds have

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tightened to look for potential life

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there then if we pass behind Saturn's

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rings to study the planets mixture of

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water and ice scientists think the rains

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might have been formed from a shattered

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satellite or some other body that was

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pulled into Saturn's orbit by gravity to

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us they seemed sleek and smooth but the

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Rings are composed of huge chunks of ice

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at close range they appear as an

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asteroid snowstorm

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Saturn's composition has been a

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scientific puzzle because of the dense

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clouds that extend 37,000 miles from the

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planets rocky core we don't really even

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know exactly how large many of the

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Saturnian moons are because they're so

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hard to measure from the earth and in

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fact one of the major experiments that

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we're conducting with all of the

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instruments onboard the Voyager

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spacecraft is a comparison of the

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Jupiter system with the Saturnian system

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to see how they differ and why they

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differ the voyagers were planned to

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affirm our beliefs about Saturn and

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Jupiter but they've been so successful

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that NASA is sending Voyager 2 on to

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Uranus after it tours Saturn next August

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Voyager 2 will travel at an average

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speed of 60,000 miles per hour reaching

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the seventh planet Uranus by 1986 after

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that the spacecraft may venture even

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farther to Neptune

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when the voyagers finished their mission

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they will lose contact with earth and

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tumble and enslave into new galaxies but

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then they will observe their members for

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what was Fantasia and speculation in our

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minds has become factual knowledge about

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space one of the last frontiers when

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Voyager one dead speed through the

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Saturn system there were some surprises

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as we'll see next and we'll also see a

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short report on how the solar max

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satellite looked at the Sun these people

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here in Mission Control were responsible

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for guiding NASA's 1,800 pound unmanned

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Voyager 1 spacecraft some billion miles

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through space on November 12th after a

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three-year journey

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Voyager 1 made its closest encounter

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with the planet Saturn Voyager has

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returned more than 18,000 photographs

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photographs that are giving scientists

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excellent close-up views and new

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information about the huge planet and

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its many moons with the help of computer

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animation you can take a ride on Voyager

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to Saturn and its major moons voyagers

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11 scientific instruments probed deep

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into the atmosphere of Saturn and gave

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us an unprecedented view of those

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incredible rings we now know there are

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six major ring systems made up of

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possibly as many as a thousand rings the

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Rings are Sun reflecting icy objects

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ranging from Boulder sized to small

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particles that whirl around the planet

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at very high speeds and those moons are

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satellites like outriders they encircle

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Saturn generating as much scientific

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interest as the great ringed planet

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itself

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- Tethys D&E

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rheya Titan and a host of smaller ones

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more than a thousand journalists were on

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hand to witness the India

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and attend the science briefings that

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follow and these were some of the

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storytellers the engineers and

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scientists themselves it's always

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gratifying to have the results be

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something more than what was expected

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and Saturn and what we have found was

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not expected I suspect even for the next

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few years

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we will find new discoveries in the data

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which we've acquired in the last few

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days and as we see more and more

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examples of the way the universe can put

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planets together we find that our

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terrestrial perspective in explaining

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our own planet has been rather limited

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we get new ideas from this what we

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learned about Saturn during that

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encounter and during the months that

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preceded it have really rewritten the

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text books on Saturn next August Voyager

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2 will approach Saturn pass by the ring

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spectacle of gas and ice from a

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different angle and then fly on to

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Uranus arriving there in 1986 it may

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also travel to Neptune before leaving

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our solar system from Earth it appears

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as a warm friendly ball an integral part

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of everything living but up close it's a

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churning solar furnace that spouts solar

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flares in an atmosphere that's

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constantly changing and explosive little

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wonder that our star the Sun has been

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the focal point of scientific

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investigation for centuries to reel a

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sophisticated pictures and data about

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the Sun and its energy cycles NASA

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launched the solar max in 1980 short for

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solar maximum mission being returned are

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the first true close-up views of the

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mysterious spots and solar flares that

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energized the sun's surface all this

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part of an effort to learn how we can

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channel the Sun into an even more

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effective energy source our next clip

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from September 1981 shows us some of the

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those music like sounds are actually

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radio waves picked up by the plasma wave

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detector on NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft

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as it approached and swept by the planet

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Saturn after a four-year billion mile

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journey

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Voyager 2 passed within 63,000 miles of

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the many-colored planet and transmitted

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back thousands of extremely clear

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pictures astronomers were surprised at

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the complexity of Saturn's rings

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including what appeared to be spokes

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during one experiment scientists watched

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a star come out from behind Saturn and

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go behind the Rings they then measured

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the amount of starlight a hundred times

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a second as it blinked on and off what

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they found were many many individual

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streams of particles orbiting Saturn

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like waves in the ocean Saturn also has

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very interesting weather

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according to imaging team leader dr.

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Bradford a Smith the in fact have found

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that there are similarities between the

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Saturnian weather and terrestrial

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weather so that the analysis which is

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still going on in trying to understand

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the dynamics of that of that Saturn

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system those analyses sooner or later

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are going to be helpful in interpreting

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our own Earth's meteorology Saturn is

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surrounded by signs of collisions small

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odd shaped bodies of rock and ice the

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Lawrence a soda blossom chief of astro

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geologic studies for the US Geological

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Survey specializes in the study of

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Saturn's moons or satellites what we've

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seen from the combined missions now is

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that the collection of objects that we

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find in the Saturnian satellite system

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extremely varied and unanticipated in

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terms of the geologic activity and the

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degree to which these objects have

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remained active and alive Enceladus

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whatja to discovered has been active

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over most of geologic history this is

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extremely puzzling thing to have an

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object that has been continually

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replacing sections of a surface but

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actually has a mass that's something

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like one part in a hundred thousand the

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00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:41,009
mass of the earth the planet-sized moon

280
00:13:45,139 --> 00:13:42,720
Titan has many of the characteristics

281
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:45,149
that may have existed on earth in its

282
00:13:51,439 --> 00:13:47,910
early geologic history its atmosphere is

283
00:13:54,319 --> 00:13:51,449
dominated by 82% nitrogen gas compared

284
00:13:56,900 --> 00:13:54,329
with 79% on earth but instead of oxygen

285
00:13:59,840 --> 00:13:56,910
it has methane and hydrogen and it's

286
00:14:01,999 --> 00:13:59,850
very cold and smoggy Voyager twos

287
00:14:03,799 --> 00:14:02,009
cameras have been turned off and will

288
00:14:05,570 --> 00:14:03,809
remain off most of the time for the next

289
00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:05,580
four years

290
00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:07,610
even so engineers at NASA's Johnson

291
00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:10,050
laboratory will be watching and guiding

292
00:14:15,140 --> 00:14:11,850
it toward its next rendezvous with the

293
00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:15,150
planet Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in

294
00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:20,130
1989 Voyager project scientist dr. Eadie

295
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:22,290
stone made these observations about the

296
00:14:28,580 --> 00:14:25,110
importance of this type research well I

297
00:14:31,340 --> 00:14:28,590
think we all want to understand where we

298
00:14:34,820 --> 00:14:31,350
live and it's interesting that we now

299
00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:34,830
have the capability to include in where

300
00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:36,690
we live the solar system in which we

301
00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:39,120
live now that is interesting because

302
00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:41,640
we're very curious people and where we

303
00:14:45,470 --> 00:14:43,230
live on one of the planets the solar

304
00:14:47,270 --> 00:14:45,480
system which has obviously evolved to

305
00:14:50,030 --> 00:14:47,280
where it is today and which is

306
00:14:52,370 --> 00:14:50,040
continuing to evolve it's very difficult

307
00:14:54,950 --> 00:14:52,380
when you're looking at something now to

308
00:14:57,590 --> 00:14:54,960
be able to accurately go back in time

309
00:14:59,360 --> 00:14:57,600
and or to go forward in time but by

310
00:15:01,670 --> 00:14:59,370
looking at a number of examples of

311
00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:01,680
things as they exist now in the solar

312
00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:03,930
system I think we have a better idea of

313
00:15:07,910 --> 00:15:06,090
both how to look backward in time to the

314
00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:07,920
beginning and possibly how to look

315
00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:10,320
forward in time to how things will

316
00:15:18,770 --> 00:15:16,170
evolve now let's turn to the inner solar

317
00:15:24,980 --> 00:15:18,780
system to learn more about Venus from

318
00:15:27,230 --> 00:15:24,990
this 1982 report stop the Earth's

319
00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:27,240
rotation remove its friendly

320
00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:29,880
neighborhood moon push it just slightly

321
00:15:35,150 --> 00:15:32,970
closer to the Sun and scientists believe

322
00:15:38,750 --> 00:15:35,160
the earth would become like this planet

323
00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:38,760
Venus recent findings indicate that the

324
00:15:43,790 --> 00:15:40,860
earth and Venus are identical in many

325
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:43,800
ways at one point in Venus history it

326
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:46,170
might even if at oceans similar to ours

327
00:15:50,420 --> 00:15:48,450
these are some of the new discoveries

328
00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:50,430
resulting from an International Venus

329
00:15:54,380 --> 00:15:52,800
science conference many of the new

330
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:54,390
findings have come from the several

331
00:15:59,510 --> 00:15:56,970
pioneer Venus spacecraft sent there by

332
00:16:02,720 --> 00:15:59,520
NASA to study the cloud shrouded planet

333
00:16:04,940 --> 00:16:02,730
at close range know that Venus has got

334
00:16:06,620 --> 00:16:04,950
dense sulfuric acid clouds that would

335
00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:06,630
seem to us to be something like a smog

336
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:09,060
or a heavy fog which would burn your

337
00:16:13,220 --> 00:16:11,010
skin if you were exposed to these clouds

338
00:16:15,530 --> 00:16:13,230
the bottom of the clouds is about 30

339
00:16:16,879 --> 00:16:15,540
miles above the surface and below that

340
00:16:19,309 --> 00:16:16,889
the atmosphere is

341
00:16:20,629 --> 00:16:19,319
you can see for great distances as you

342
00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:20,639
go deeper and deeper into the atmosphere

343
00:16:24,979 --> 00:16:23,040
it gets hotter and hotter and eventually

344
00:16:27,439 --> 00:16:24,989
when you get to the surface it's about

345
00:16:29,629 --> 00:16:27,449
800 degrees Fahrenheit uns like being

346
00:16:31,639 --> 00:16:29,639
inside of a self-cleaning oven the

347
00:16:34,009 --> 00:16:31,649
temperatures are so hot that it would

348
00:16:36,049 --> 00:16:34,019
kill anyone who was exposed to them and

349
00:16:38,030 --> 00:16:36,059
the pressures are equivalent to being

350
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:38,040
3,000 feet deep in the ocean so the

351
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:40,410
pressures would be crushing the light

352
00:16:44,629 --> 00:16:42,480
levels are so dim at the surface during

353
00:16:46,849 --> 00:16:44,639
the day that it's sort of like the

354
00:16:51,379 --> 00:16:46,859
cloudiest day that we ever experience on

355
00:16:54,679 --> 00:16:51,389
the earth so it's a dim hot crushing

356
00:16:56,749 --> 00:16:54,689
place during the early years of the

357
00:16:58,759 --> 00:16:56,759
solar system's history conditions may

358
00:17:01,309 --> 00:16:58,769
have been right for life to exist on

359
00:17:03,439 --> 00:17:01,319
Venus one of the key elements was water

360
00:17:06,620 --> 00:17:03,449
according to geologist dr. Harold

361
00:17:09,980 --> 00:17:06,630
Mazursky well we think that there was a

362
00:17:12,590 --> 00:17:09,990
lot of water in Venus like there is on

363
00:17:14,779 --> 00:17:12,600
the earth but it's not there now it's

364
00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:14,789
way too hot there's water vapor in the

365
00:17:20,149 --> 00:17:18,120
atmosphere so the big question is early

366
00:17:22,909 --> 00:17:20,159
in its history did it have condensed

367
00:17:25,159 --> 00:17:22,919
water on the surface and we can look for

368
00:17:27,169 --> 00:17:25,169
that in high-resolution radar pictures

369
00:17:30,860 --> 00:17:27,179
and the way we do it is you look for

370
00:17:32,690 --> 00:17:30,870
shorelines because there are dried lakes

371
00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:32,700
now in the western United States that

372
00:17:36,350 --> 00:17:34,380
were full of water during the Ice Age

373
00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:36,360
and we can see that evidence clearly

374
00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:39,090
there are short bars that were made when

375
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:41,070
there was water so we can look for those

376
00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:43,440
kinds of things that may have been there

377
00:17:47,779 --> 00:17:45,750
in the past on Venus surface we were

378
00:17:49,610 --> 00:17:47,789
utterly surprised on Mars by

379
00:17:51,769 --> 00:17:49,620
understanding that the history was

380
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:51,779
different early and the same thing is

381
00:17:56,690 --> 00:17:54,570
true the earth so it would be strange if

382
00:17:58,149 --> 00:17:56,700
Venus had always been the same as it is

383
00:18:02,389 --> 00:17:58,159
now

384
00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:02,399
lightning active volcanoes upside-down

385
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:04,620
clouds that caused a drizzle of sulfuric

386
00:18:10,399 --> 00:18:08,490
acid and a super hot surface slowly but

387
00:18:12,529 --> 00:18:10,409
surely Venus is giving up some of its

388
00:18:14,629 --> 00:18:12,539
secrets new information that will help

389
00:18:19,490 --> 00:18:14,639
us better understand our own planet both

390
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:19,500
past and future by May 1983 when the

391
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:22,080
next clip was released the Pioneer 10

392
00:18:26,419 --> 00:18:24,210
spacecraft was about to become the first

393
00:18:31,730 --> 00:18:26,429
man-made object to leave the solar

394
00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:36,060
launched in 1972 NASA's pioneer 10

395
00:18:41,039 --> 00:18:38,799
spacecraft has accomplished many firsts

396
00:18:43,950 --> 00:18:41,049
over the course of its 11 years Space

397
00:18:46,529 --> 00:18:43,960
Odyssey 1 was a successful passage

398
00:18:48,269 --> 00:18:46,539
through the rocky asteroid belt a feat

399
00:18:50,580 --> 00:18:48,279
which greatly alleviated the fears of

400
00:18:53,639 --> 00:18:50,590
scientists concerned about damage too

401
00:18:55,049 --> 00:18:53,649
far traveling spacecraft having safely

402
00:18:57,720 --> 00:18:55,059
journeyed the some two and a half

403
00:18:59,220 --> 00:18:57,730
billion miles to Jupiter pioneer 10

404
00:19:02,190 --> 00:18:59,230
transmitted valuable scientific

405
00:19:03,869 --> 00:19:02,200
information back to earth information

406
00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:03,879
shedding new light on the composition

407
00:19:11,039 --> 00:19:06,570
and evolution of Jupiter and its moons

408
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:11,049
On June 13th of this year pioneer 10

409
00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:13,600
will travel beyond all the known planets

410
00:19:19,470 --> 00:19:16,120
and become the first man-made object to

411
00:19:21,539 --> 00:19:19,480
leave the solar system as NASA's Deep

412
00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:21,549
Space Network continues to track the

413
00:19:26,190 --> 00:19:23,740
spacecraft out to around five billion

414
00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:26,200
miles researchers hope to learn more

415
00:19:31,850 --> 00:19:28,120
about the boundary between the sun's

416
00:19:34,919 --> 00:19:31,860
atmosphere and true interstellar space

417
00:19:37,110 --> 00:19:34,929
pioneer 10 a spacecraft that has

418
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:37,120
journeyed further than any other to the

419
00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:40,090
outer planets and now beyond our solar

420
00:19:45,889 --> 00:19:43,690
system a man-made object which will from

421
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:45,899
a new vantage point in Whitman's words

422
00:19:58,830 --> 00:19:56,010
as pioneer ten is speeding out towards

423
00:20:01,350 --> 00:19:58,840
the stars astronomers are using radio

424
00:20:08,730 --> 00:20:01,360
telescopes to examine planets and stars

425
00:20:10,140 --> 00:20:08,740
as this 1983 report shows astronomers

426
00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:10,150
calculate that there are approximately

427
00:20:16,380 --> 00:20:13,330
100 billion other stars in the Milky Way

428
00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:16,390
an infinite number of these stars could

429
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:18,370
conceivably have planets orbiting them

430
00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:21,480
possibly supporting some sort of life

431
00:20:26,210 --> 00:20:24,090
a scientific approach to the search for

432
00:20:28,430 --> 00:20:26,220
extraterrestrial intelligence has become

433
00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:28,440
possible in recent years thanks to the

434
00:20:33,020 --> 00:20:30,240
extraordinary development of new and

435
00:20:34,669 --> 00:20:33,030
more sophisticated instrumentation radio

436
00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:34,679
telescopes such as the Deep Space

437
00:20:39,230 --> 00:20:36,390
Network at NASA's Jet Propulsion

438
00:20:41,690 --> 00:20:39,240
Laboratory in California are being used

439
00:20:45,230 --> 00:20:41,700
by scientists as part of a five-year

440
00:20:48,380 --> 00:20:45,240
research program but the Big Ear on the

441
00:20:51,370 --> 00:20:48,390
universe is the Arecibo Observatory the

442
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,380
world's largest radio radar telescope

443
00:20:55,820 --> 00:20:53,760
flying deep within the mountains of

444
00:20:57,830 --> 00:20:55,830
northern border Rico in a natural

445
00:21:00,530 --> 00:20:57,840
depression formed by the collapse of

446
00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:00,540
huge limestone caves the instruments

447
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,850
collecting area is larger than all the

448
00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:04,799
combined collecting areas of all

449
00:21:09,950 --> 00:21:07,860
telescopes ever built as a radio

450
00:21:11,990 --> 00:21:09,960
receiver the 1,000 foot structure

451
00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:12,000
listens for signals coming from other

452
00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:15,630
stars in our galaxy as a radar the

453
00:21:20,419 --> 00:21:17,820
telescope sends out the strongest signal

454
00:21:22,610 --> 00:21:20,429
now leaving earth a signal which may be

455
00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:22,620
detected by similar instruments anywhere

456
00:21:30,230 --> 00:21:27,840
in our galaxy operated by Cornell

457
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:30,240
University the observatory was initially

458
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:32,250
conceived to study the composition of

459
00:21:36,830 --> 00:21:35,010
the Earth's upper atmosphere later NASA

460
00:21:39,140 --> 00:21:36,840
supported the installation of a large

461
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:39,150
transmitter so it could be used to study

462
00:21:44,210 --> 00:21:41,910
other planets in our solar system the

463
00:21:49,090 --> 00:21:44,220
surface roughness of Mars was examined

464
00:21:54,230 --> 00:21:51,320
high-resolution studies were also done

465
00:21:56,659 --> 00:21:54,240
on Venus director of the Arecibo

466
00:21:59,990 --> 00:21:56,669
telescope is dr. Don Campbell NASA

467
00:22:03,110 --> 00:22:00,000
realized the utility of the improved

468
00:22:04,850 --> 00:22:03,120
Arecibo telescope which would be

469
00:22:07,850 --> 00:22:04,860
powerful enough to study the surface of

470
00:22:09,770 --> 00:22:07,860
Venus it would also allow us to look

471
00:22:12,260 --> 00:22:09,780
more with more detail at the surface and

472
00:22:17,539 --> 00:22:12,270
mercury surfaces and Mars and laser

473
00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:17,549
altitudes to complement the photography

474
00:22:22,130 --> 00:22:19,470
that was done from the Viking orbiters

475
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:22,140
and also to look at the outer planets

476
00:22:27,260 --> 00:22:24,210
the satellites of Jupiter the rings of

477
00:22:32,510 --> 00:22:27,270
Saturn and numerous asteroids and comets

478
00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:32,520
that might come by the very large

479
00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:34,890
collecting area captures radio waves

480
00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:35,280
come

481
00:22:39,950 --> 00:22:37,770
from stars and galaxies giving

482
00:22:42,590 --> 00:22:39,960
scientists a clue to the distribution of

483
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:42,600
mass throughout the universe other

484
00:22:48,860 --> 00:22:45,090
interesting cosmic radio sources are

485
00:22:53,390 --> 00:22:48,870
pulsars dying stars which emit pulsating

486
00:22:54,860 --> 00:22:53,400
radio signals as they spin in space one

487
00:22:58,250 --> 00:22:54,870
of these fascinating stars was

488
00:23:00,950 --> 00:22:58,260
discovered at Arecibo in 1982 director

489
00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:00,960
of radio astronomy at Arecibo is dr.

490
00:23:06,670 --> 00:23:05,100
Mike Davis this new pulsar that has been

491
00:23:12,110 --> 00:23:06,680
discovered recently at the observatory

492
00:23:15,620 --> 00:23:12,120
is rotating 642 times per second that's

493
00:23:17,180 --> 00:23:15,630
more than 20 times as fast as the next

494
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:17,190
fastest pulsar the one in the Crab

495
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:19,890
Nebula and these neutron stars as

496
00:23:24,590 --> 00:23:21,570
they're called were predicted as long

497
00:23:27,410 --> 00:23:24,600
ago as 1934 but nobody knew that they

498
00:23:30,740 --> 00:23:27,420
would come with a rotating flashlight

499
00:23:33,650 --> 00:23:30,750
beacon like a lighthouse shining out to

500
00:23:35,860 --> 00:23:33,660
sea every time this beacon flashes past

501
00:23:38,390 --> 00:23:35,870
the observatory we pick up a pulse

502
00:23:40,610 --> 00:23:38,400
astronomers have also detected quasars

503
00:23:42,890 --> 00:23:40,620
emitting enormous quantities of radio

504
00:23:45,140 --> 00:23:42,900
energy which traveling at the speed of

505
00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:45,150
light have taken as long as 10 billion

506
00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:51,570
years to reach Earth Arecibo listening

507
00:23:56,030 --> 00:23:53,850
for signals from space in an attempt to

508
00:24:01,160 --> 00:23:56,040
solve some of the mysteries of our

509
00:24:03,410 --> 00:24:01,170
universe our final report shows how an

510
00:24:06,590 --> 00:24:03,420
international group of probes was to

511
00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:06,600
study comet Halley and how Voyager 2 was

512
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:10,170
approaching the planet Uranus comet

513
00:24:15,290 --> 00:24:12,720
Halley is making its regular 76 year

514
00:24:18,140 --> 00:24:15,300
pilgrimage around our Sun as it has been

515
00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:18,150
doing for countless centuries the comet

516
00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:19,800
is the target of study for five

517
00:24:23,780 --> 00:24:22,380
exploratory spacecraft from Europe Japan

518
00:24:26,330 --> 00:24:23,790
and the Soviet Union

519
00:24:29,180 --> 00:24:26,340
each whizzing by the giant snowball of

520
00:24:32,300 --> 00:24:29,190
ice gas and dust from different vantage

521
00:24:34,340 --> 00:24:32,310
points the European Space Agency's

522
00:24:36,590 --> 00:24:34,350
Giotto spacecraft will be the most

523
00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:36,600
daring probe by taking a flight path

524
00:24:41,870 --> 00:24:39,240
just 300 miles in front of the Comets

525
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:41,880
head Giotto hopes to photograph the

526
00:24:46,260 --> 00:24:43,290
comet's nucleus

527
00:24:49,110 --> 00:24:46,270
two other highly instrumented Soviet

528
00:24:51,060 --> 00:24:49,120
spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 are

529
00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:51,070
scheduled to fly by the comet at a

530
00:24:55,710 --> 00:24:53,530
distance of six thousand miles hoping

531
00:24:59,280 --> 00:24:55,720
also to obtain images of the comet's

532
00:25:01,920 --> 00:24:59,290
nucleus lastly two japanese spacecraft

533
00:25:03,630 --> 00:25:01,930
studying halle our planet a which

534
00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:03,640
approaches the Sun would side of Halle

535
00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:06,250
at a distance of 120 thousand miles and

536
00:25:12,570 --> 00:25:09,370
Sakigake which will pass about 4 million

537
00:25:14,370 --> 00:25:12,580
miles from the comet in order to get the

538
00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:14,380
best use out of all the research being

539
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:16,390
done on the comet the International

540
00:25:20,970 --> 00:25:19,210
Halle watch was organized thousands of

541
00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:20,980
scientists and amateur and professional

542
00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:23,890
astronomers from 47 different countries

543
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:26,860
have joined forces the Halle encounter

544
00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:29,410
is a once-in-a-lifetime chance to study

545
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:31,450
one of the most primitive objects in our

546
00:25:37,050 --> 00:25:35,530
solar system a program dedicated to

547
00:25:39,420 --> 00:25:37,060
visiting some of the planets in our

548
00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:39,430
solar system with two unmanned probes

549
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:41,950
has had a history of success ever since

550
00:25:47,970 --> 00:25:45,520
its beginning in 1977 Voyager 1 and

551
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:47,980
Voyager 2 were both launched on their

552
00:25:53,250 --> 00:25:50,890
way to Jupiter and Saturn now having

553
00:25:56,670 --> 00:25:53,260
logged nearly 2 billion miles in space

554
00:25:58,950 --> 00:25:56,680
since 1977 Voyager 2 will point its

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sensors and TV cameras at a planet we

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have never seen up close Uranus

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Voyager project scientist dr. Edward

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00:26:08,970 --> 00:26:06,220
stone NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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00:26:10,650 --> 00:26:08,980
in Pasadena California well there are

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several unique things about Uranus first

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of all it's the most remote planet that

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we will we will have visited in the

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Solar System it formed in a much colder

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region of the solar nebula and therefore

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00:26:22,020 --> 00:26:19,720
is made of different materials than

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either Jupiter or Saturn so we will be

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00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:23,800
studying the different properties of

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00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:26,080
Uranus and its satellites the other

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00:26:29,310 --> 00:26:27,730
interesting thing about Uranus is that

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00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:29,320
it's tipped over on its side with its

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00:26:33,210 --> 00:26:31,330
spin axis at this time basically

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00:26:34,530 --> 00:26:33,220
pointing at the Sun so it's it has a

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00:26:36,159 --> 00:26:34,540
much different orientation with respect

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00:26:38,229 --> 00:26:36,169
to the Sun

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00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:38,239
many questions will be answered during

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00:26:43,149 --> 00:26:40,850
the encounter before the tiny one-ton

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spacecraft ventures even further into

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our solar system to visit the eighth

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00:26:52,019 --> 00:26:49,399
planet from the Sun Neptune Voyager to

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00:26:56,019 --> 00:26:52,029
successfully examine Uranus in early

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1986 comet Halley was also studied by an

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00:27:01,359 --> 00:26:58,970
armada of spacecraft during an X program

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00:27:04,060 --> 00:27:01,369
we'll see comet Halley and Uranus

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00:27:06,849 --> 00:27:04,070
results that's all we have for this

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00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:06,859
edition of NASA images but before we go

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00:27:11,619 --> 00:27:09,350
let me remind you that you're cordially

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00:27:13,690 --> 00:27:11,629
invited to see the displays at the

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00:27:16,090 --> 00:27:13,700
visitor center here at the NASA Lewis

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00:27:17,919 --> 00:27:16,100
Research Center we're located near the

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00:27:21,279 --> 00:27:17,929
Hopkins International Airport in

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00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:21,289
Cleveland admission is free until next